Construction on the Colosseum began in 70 A.D. and it took only ten years to completely finish the building project. It has held up pretty well over the last 2,000 years! With the fall of Rome, the Colosseum fell into disrepair and stood there derelict through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Only a third of the original Colosseum still stands today. Some of it was destroyed in earthquakes but most was deconstructed after the fall of Rome and used as stonework for newer buildings.
It was not until 1749, when Pope Benedict XIV declared it a religious site, that it again gained recognition and received some much-needed repairs. The 20th century brought motorized traffic, air pollution, and an onslaught of tourism which again attacked the structural integrity and appearance of the Colosseum. At the beginning of the new millennium, it was evident that the Colosseum needed a serious sprucing up.
Jumping through lots of hoops and cutting miles of red tape, the Italian government’s archaeological service finally began the Colosseum’s first-ever cleaning project in November 2013. Scaffolding began to enshroud segments of the ancient amphitheater and a thorough cleaning of the exterior was underway. Cleaning was a tedious task done solely by hand and without harsh chemicals or high pressure sprayers.
During the cleaning in 2014
The process involved spraying a fine mist of water onto the porous stones to soften the 2,000 years of filth that had collected on the exterior. After a few hours, the cleaning technicians would go to work with toothbrushes to scrub away the grime in the nooks and crannies. Larger brushes were used on the face of the huge stones. It was a tedious task but there was no other way to attack the problem and be sure the structural integrity would not be affected.
Travertine, a type of limestone, was used to build the Colosseum. It is a porous stone that, when newly quarried, is creamy white in color. With age, the travertine takes on a light pink patina that protects the stone. Over the last 2,000 years, the travertine had collected a thick black crust of soot, pollution, and algae. With this cleaning, the Colosseum once again glows with the characteristic pink patina.
Although this cleaning project was carried out by the Italian government, it was funded totally by private donations. Diego Della Valle, the founder and CEO of Tod’s, contributed 25 million euros to this project. Tod’s is a well-known Italian leather and fashion store. There is more in store for the Colosseum’s clean up. Next up is work on the foundation and basement area where the gladiators and animals were originally staged. Once that’s finished, the plan is to install a floor in the amphitheater just as it was in Roman Imperial times. Finally, a new visitor center and ticket area will be installed to accommodate the four-million tourists who visit each year.
Newly Cleaned in 2016
The Colosseum was constructed by Emperor Vespasian (the first of several “Flavian” emperors) and was inaugurated in 80 A.D. as the Flavian Amphitheatre. The Romans were always seeking ways to take a Greek idea and put a new Roman twist on it. The Flavian Amphitheatre is no exception. In essence the Romans took the plans for a Classical Greek theatre and built two of them end to end, coming up with the design for a huge freestanding “amphi” theatre.
Nero, Emperor Vespasian’s predecessor, had constructed a lavish palace just over the hill, behind the modern-day metro station. The site where the Colosseum sits today was once a large man-made lake surrounded by porticos, balconies and grand walkways. This palace complex, known as the Domus Aurea (Golden House), contained a colossal 33-meter-tall (100 feet) bronze statue of Emperor Nero. After the Flavian Amphitheatre was constructed, Vespasian had Nero’s colossal statue placed out in front of his new colossal amphitheatre. The combination of the colossal statue of Nero and the colossal amphitheatre seemed to stick and the amphitheatre took on the nickname of the Colossal-seum, or Colosseum. Nero’s statue has perished, but you can see the site where it once stood on the grassy area between the Colosseum and the wrought iron fence flanking the forum area.
The Romans were known as great builders and pioneered many construction techniques still in use today. One such idea was that of the “rounded arch” and concrete. Essentially, the Romans would construct a shell of bricks and mortar and then pour concrete in the void making for a super strong and sturdy structure. This concrete-filled shell was then covered with gleaming white travertine marble for a finishing touch of grandeur. The exterior of the Colosseum is loaded with potholes
in the walls. The huge stones flanking the exterior were originally held together with iron pegs, buried into the stone. When the Colosseum became a relic after the fall of Rome, its ready-cut stones were cannibalized for easy building material. When iron was at a shortage, the Colosseum’s iron pegs were chiseled out to make weapons for war, as well as hinges, railing, and the like.
The next phase of the restoration involves the interior foundation and flooring.
The exterior resembles our modern-day soccer and football stadiums. In Roman times, the citizens attending an event at the amphitheatre had a ticket noting their seating assignment and which doorway to enter to get to their seats. Even today, you can find “Roman numerals” etched above the rounded arched “doorways” on the ground level noting the doorway’s number. Just like our stadiums today, the wide walkways and stairs were designed to get people into and out of the amphitheatre very quickly. Inside, along the walkways, were a multitude of kiosks in which vendors would sell official team merchandise, bowls of spaghetti, pizza, hot dogs, and beer.
To summarize, the Flavian Amphitheatre was constructed for the enjoyment and entertainment of the citizens of Rome. Admission was always free and events were often sponsored by politicians. The Colosseum opened in 80 A.D. with a 100-day festival of events in which 2,000 men and 9,000 animals were killed in one sort of competition or another. These events continued for almost 500 years. Then the Colosseum fell into disrepair and was neglected until the 1800s when the pope declared it a religious site. The last three centuries have seen some attempts as repairs but the rise of tourism and the evolution of air pollution has adversely impacted the structure. Now, a colossal cleaning has spruced up the Colosseum and it glows with a proud pink patina for all to enjoy.
If you found this article informative, please share it with your friends, family, coworkers, and associates. If you have something to add, just leave a comment in the box below.
Do you want to learn more about traveling in Europe? There is a wealth of information and special discount pricing on my tours at my website. Visit now at https://davidmcguffin.com/.
David McGuffin is Founder and CEO of David McGuffin’s Exploring Europe, Inc., based in Middleburg, Florida. You can connect with him on Twitter, Facebook, Google+,LinkedIn and YouTube. David spends his time in Europe organizing and leading small group and independent tours to European destinations. In business since 2001, David has provided exceptional travel opportunities to several thousand satisfied customers. You can find out more about David and his European tours at his website, https://davidmcguffin.com.
Everybody goes on vacation from time to time. For some it is the payoff for a year of toil. For others, it is an adventure that was years in the making. Whether you are looking to let off a little steam or you are an adrenaline junkie looking for your next fix, the difference between a good vacation and a nightmare all comes down to choosing the right travel agent and tour operator. For this article, I’ll use the terms travel agent and tour operator in much the same context. In fact, let’s just call them travel providers, however, there is a difference. Typically, a travel agent provides a varied selection of travel services to the public such as: airline tickets, hotel accommodations, automobile rentals, river and ocean cruises, packaged tours and much more. Think of them as your one-stop shop for all your travel needs. Tour operators, on the other hand, specialize in one particular tour product or destination. These can include destination specific tours, cruises, adventure travel, group tours, themed tours, and much more. For example, our company, David McGuffin’s Exploring Europe, is a tour operator specializing in European small group and independent travel. The first thing you have to understand is the travel business is so large that there is no single agent, operator or travel provider that can plan the perfect vacation to all parts of the globe. Today, travel providers are a lot like doctors… they specialize in one area. Some travel providers are experts in booking cruises, while others specialize in group tours and independent travel. However, even within these areas of specialization, no two travel providers have precisely the same experience. What this means is that unless you want to roll the dice and take your chances on picking an agent or tour operator that can either make or break your vacation, you need to understand how to weed them out. Good Travel Providers Begin your search for travel expert by realizing that the lowest price doesn’t always represent the best value. So using online portals such as Travelocity. Orbitz and Priceline isn’t where you should start your search, unless price is your only consideration. Think of a good travel provider as a consultant. He or she has spent years learning about the industry and what it represents to clients. A good travel provider has had experience working with hundreds or even thousands of travelers and many destinations as well. They have been in the game long enough to know what hotels and tour activities are up to snuff and which are not. They have had to make a call in the dead of night to straighten out a client’s lost reservation or missed connection. They form a bond with clients that transcends a mere pay-for-hire relationship. Make no mistake about it, the bond between a travel provider and a client should not be taken lightly. Just as with any other business, good and bad reviews can make or break a travel provider’s reputation. This is also a reason why you should always perform a web search of any travel provider with which you are considering doing business. Any travel provider worth their salt will have reviews online. Start off by going to the search engine of your choice and typing in the name of the travel provider followed by the word “reviews.” You’d be surprised what you can find out with a web search. Next, go to the travel provider’s website in order to look for blogs, videos and testimonials. This will also provide you with insight regarding the travel provider’s experience and areas of specialization. Do the tours posted look like something that you and your family would enjoy? Are the prices a good fit for your budget, or are they out of your league. Last but not least, pick up the phone and give them a call. Personality as well as experience plays a big part in choosing the right travel provider. In fact, that is the primary reason to work with a particular travel provider. No matter how good of a deal the website promotes, if you feel that the agency is either too inexperienced, or too busy to deal with your wants and needs, look elsewhere. That’s also a reason to avoid making your decision based entirely on price. Speaking of price, don’t believe that working with a travel provider is going to cost you more than booking a trip on your own. Far from it. Since good agencies have many contacts in the industry, they can many times save you money since they receive information that is not posted to the general public. (That being said, when dealing with a travel agent, you’ll want to make sure to understand any commissions or booking fees related to your trip.) Bad Travel Providers Bad travel providers either don’t know or they don’t care. This means that they either have had little experience and connections in the industry, or they are simply a gun for hire that is more interested in selling tours and travel products than building a lasting relationship with clients. While a number of travel providers are overworked and underpaid, what’s even worse is when a travel provider is a crook. In a quote from an article on frommers.com entitled, “9 Ways to Tell if Your Travel Agent is Crooked, “As a rule, most travel agents are well-trained, competent professionals who work hard for you. But there are exceptions to every rule. Take Kathleen Rossano of East Brunswick, N.J., who was recently sentenced to a 10-year prison term for stealing more than $75,000 from her travel agency. Prosecutors had charged her with offering luxury vacations to her friends, taking cash payments, billing the expenses to her agency’s credit card and then pocketing the money. It was the fourth time she’d been convicted of taking money from former employers.A month later, her former agency, Cruise Value Center, collapsed without paying the cruise lines what they were owed and leaving customers in the lurch. One of the clients recently contacted me in a panic after her cruise line demanded an additional payment of $2,544 for her vacation because the cruise line had been stiffed by the agency.” http://www.frommers.com/tips/money-and-currency/9-ways-to-tell-if-your-travel-agent-is-crookedHow many of her clients do you think were lured in by low prices posted on her website? When it comes to crooked agents and thieving tour operators, how hard do you think it is to set up a website that makes offers that are too good to be true, only to take the money and run? That’s one of the reasons you need to check out any agency before you lay down your hard earned money. The Frommers article goes onto provide readers with the following 9 warning signs pointing to a terrible tour provider: 1. Demands you pay in cash,2. Acts funny when you bring up commissions,3. Adds a booking fee to your bill after you’ve decided to buy a vacation,4. Has no certification,5. Doesn’t know a thing about the place you are going to visit,6. Has a Better Business Bureau rap sheet,7. Is impossible to reach,8. Doesn’t listen,9. I bought my agency certification online for a few hundred bucks!
“Studly” Travel Providers The best travel providers stand out from the crowd. They are not merely knowledgeable about a destination, they are experts. They have been to the places to which you are looking to travel and know the lay of the land. They can not only describe the places you are going to see, but they can tell you about some of the people you will meet. Some travel providers will not only book a cruise or tour, but lead it as well. They will be there to make sure that nothing goes wrong. When it comes to getting the most out of a trip, having an experienced travel provider and tour guide can make all the difference in the world. Working with a superstar agency may cost a bit more, but when you consider that a vacation comes but once a year, travel satisfaction is priceless. To summarize, there are good, bad and “studly” tour providers. Commonly, these consist of both travel agents and tour operators. A good tour provider knows its clients, is an expert in its destinations, offers stellar customer service, has good online reviews, is well respected in the community and offers a good value for the tour experience. Bad tour providers are interested solely in selling a product, often have little or no experience in their tour destinations, may have poor online reviews and an extensive Better Business Bureau “rap sheet” and typically, are not certified or licensed. The “studly” tour provider is a trusted friend who provides stellar customer service, fantastic travel opportunities and is an expert in their specialized destinations. If you found this article informative, please share it with your friends, family, coworkers and associates. If you have something to add, just leave a comment in the box below.
Do you want to learn more about traveling in Europe? There is a wealth of information and special discount pricing at my website. Visit now at https://davidmcguffin.com/. David McGuffin is Founder and CEO of David McGuffin’s Exploring Europe, Inc., based in Middleburg, Florida. You can connect with him on Twitter, Facebook, Google+,LinkedIn and YouTube. David spends his time in Europe organizing and leading small group and independent tours to European destinations. In business since 2001, David has provided exceptional travel opportunities to several thousand satisfied customers. You can find out more about David and his European tours at his website, https://davidmcguffin.com.
These smartphone travel tips will help you save money and get the most out of your overseas travel. Cell phone providers in the USA have made it easy to stay connected while traveling by introducing affordable temporary travel options that include messaging, calling, and data… all rolled into one plan. Sure, it cost a bit more for your travel period, but when you come home, the extra fees go away.
But before you strike out across the pond, here are my smartphone travel tips:
Contact your mobile phone provider and sign up for one of their international calling plans. Plans vary, but usually, there is a flat fee per day of usage while out of the country.
If you are trying to save money and not use your mobile device while traveling, turn off your voicemail, email, and data features when you leave the USA. Put your phone in airplane mode and turn on WiFi. Failure to forget this step, if you’ve not signed up for an international data plan, will rack up hundreds of dollars on your next phone bill.
WiFi hotspots are all over Europe. Most certainly, you’ll find one at your hotel (often with slow speeds). However, cafes, coffee shops, restaurants, and public spaces often offer free WiFi as well.
Many of the new international plans include unlimited texting and reasonable data usage. Check with your provider.
If you purchase an international plan that includes a finite amount of data (such as 90, 120, 180 mb/month), you’ll need to keep an eye on how much you are using while traveling. I “reset” my smartphone statistics when my flight takes off for Europe. That way, I can check the actual data used while out of the country.
CHARGING YOUR DEVICE
You do not need an electrical power converter for your smartphone, cellphone, camera, tablet, or any electronic gadget manufactured since 2005. All modern devices will charge without damage on any electric current in Europe. Typically this will be 220 volts AC. You will need an adapter for the wall socket. https://davidmcguffin.com/how-to-plug-in-without-a-meltdown-electrical-adapters-converters/
If you follow my smartphone travel tips, I believe the convenience is worth the cost. If for nothing else, it gives me peace of mind knowing my family, co-workers, and friends are just a phone call, text, or chat away. Knowing that, in an emergency, a family member could pick up their telephone at home and give me a call is an added benefit as well.
I mentioned a few days ago that I was testing a ScotteVest to determine if it was a suitable replacement for my normal drawstring backpack. I’ve worn it now for four days and now can make an evaluation. But before I do, let me tell you a little about the ‘essential” stuff I carry day in and day out my drawstring backpack.
As the name implies, my drawstring backpack is small and lightweight. It is about 12”x16”. The “drawstrings” offer no support and if the packed is loaded with gear, the string can dig into your shoulders a bit. My pack has a big main compartment and an outside zippered pouch. There is also a mesh holder for a ½ liter water bottle. Typically I carry these items in my backpack:
Small travel umbrella
A small waterproof pouch with medication, pens, glue stick, bottle opener, Tide to go stick, moleskin, nail clippers, paper clips, sticky note pad, sharpie markers, rubber bands, duct tape roller around a pencil, a clothespin, Neosporin, sunscreen, and other odds and ends.
A leather-bound Journal
iPhone charger and adapter
iPhone, used as my all purpose camera and communication device
Bandana,
Sunglasses,
Maps, guidebooks, itineraries, etc.
I’ve found that’s all I need to get through the day in any destination. Additionally, I wear a moneybelt in which I keep my valuables such as money, credit cards, and passport. If needed, I wear a lightweight, waterproof jacket with several large pockets.
Ok, back to the ScotteVest…
PROS – It has lots of pockets that are designed to lay flat and stay closed. All of the pockets are in the front or sides of the vests. There is a large pocket in the rear, but I’ve not used it because items in there would get in the way when seated. The pockets are designed for specific items, for example: there is a pocket for glasses with a cleaning cloth attached, a pocket for a water bottle, two pockets for iPods and smartphones, a tube-like channel for earphones to tuck away discreetly, an iPad or mobile reader pocket, a pocket for documents such as passport and boarding passes (I used this while in transit and flying and it is great… keeps everything handy. But once “in country” I transfer all that to my moneybelt). All of the pockets I’ve mentioned are on the inside of the vest. There are four pockets outside with magnetic closures and zippers. That’s 18 pockets in all!
I’ve neatly organized all the items I usually put in my drawstring backpack into the various pockets of the ScotteVest. Now that I’ve travel with it a few days and remember in which pocket I’ve placed items it is becoming real handy. I like it because all the weight is distributed evenly across my shoulders and it does not look like a sack of potatoes around my torso. The vest is warm and traveling in the cooler months this comes in handy as another layer.
CONS
The vest makes me hot. Especially when traveling through airports and on the airplanes. I feel the heat building on my shoulders and back an become extremely warm.
The vest is not particularly attractive, but I’m an old fart, so don’t really care.
I’m not too sure about how the vest will work in the summer heat. It does have a mesh inner liner which is supposed to transfer the heat out and cool in.
OVERALL – I am happy with the ScotteVest. At $125, it is expensive, but for me it will do for cool weather travel. I’ll be wearing this thing for the next three week, so I’ll let you know if I change my mind on anything.
Washcloths are an American icon, but they are not generally found in other parts of the world. I grew up using a washcloth (we called them washrags) to wash my face when taking a shower. I think I might have even used the same one for several days, however it has been so long ago I’m not sure. One thing I do remember is I quit using them when I started traveling to Europe because they were not available at any hotel back in those days.
It never fails, about a month before a tour is set to commence I begin getting questions about washcloths. Many of my travel partners have come up with clever solutions for this “problem.” If you have a suggestion, please share it in the comment section below.
Travel Question of the Month – JULY 2014
“I’ve been doing some reading about Italy and there is mention of a dress code for entering some of the churches in Rome. What I read was that women must be wearing long pants or a skirt below their knees and have their shoulders covered. Is there a dress code for any of the places we will be visiting (on our tour in September)?” – Joe from Florida
My Response…
Many churches, especially south of the Alps, require modest dress for men and women. Often you’ll find a “guard” at the door reminding visitors to remove their hats, take no photos, and arrive dressed properly. Bare shoulders and knees usually result in the visitor being turned away at the door. Keep in mind that all over Europe these grand churches were not built as a tourist sight, but as a place for worship.
Some of the major church sights in Italy provide disposable garments which are given to tourists who show up in short shorts, tank tops, and other immodest attire. It is kind of entertaining to watch partially clad tourists don tacky capes and britches to enter these churches. I’ve also seen many people turned away completely at the doors of St. Mark’s in Venice and St. Peter’s in Rome because they do not meet the dress code.
Allowed in – yes or no?
The bottom line here is to dress for the occasion. Europeans, in general, dress up more than Americans. You’ll not find a man wearing shorts unless they are at the seaside or a woman wearing warm-ups or short shorts unless at a workout. So, when traveling in Europe, no matter the season or destination, plan to dress for the locale and the tour plan of the day. Save your shorts and tank tops for the seaside, pool, or mountain hiking.
